Volume 8 - 2025 - issue 1

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1. Erratum to: Novel Botryosphaeriaceae records associated with epiphytic plants from South China

Authors: Hua Li et al.

Recieved: 02 January 2025, Accepted: 06 February 2025, Published: 21 March 2025

The original publication contains the following errors: The herbarium numbers of this publication overlap with the Dong et al. (2023). To rectify this mistake, we updated the herbarium numbers in the material examination section of all reported species in this study.

Keywords:

 

2. Two new species of Xerocomus (Boletales) from the Indian Himalaya

Authors: Nautiyal A, Ben Hassine Ben Ali M, Kannan R, Rawat GS, Krishnamurthy R, Stephenson SL

Recieved: 12 January 2024, Accepted: 10 February 2025, Published: 28 March 2025

Xerocomus garhwalensis and Xerocomus rishikeshinus (Boletales, Basidiomycota) are described as species new to science from specimens collected in the Himalayas of northwestern India. Both were found in forests dominated by banj oak (Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus), and they presumably form ectomycorrhizal associations with this tree species. Xerocomus has been variously defined morphologically, and a number of the species now assigned to the genus are sometimes considered to be members of the genus Boletus. The two new species were placed in Xerocomus largely on the basis of DNA sequence data, which are still rather limited for the assemblage of macrofungi present in northwestern India.     

Keywords: banj oak – Basidiomycota – Boletaceae – ectomycorrhizal fungi – new taxa

 

3. Phytohormone Induced Submerged Fermentation for Mycelia Biomass and Exopolysaccharide Production of Agrocybe cylindracea (DC.) Maire and Pleurotus djamor (Rumph. Ex Fr.) Boedijn

Authors: Diaz JC, Valentino MJG, Dulay RMR, Kalaw SP.

Recieved: 27 September 2024, Accepted: 17 February 2025, Published: 08 April 2025

Mushrooms are an excellent source of promising nutritional and pharmaceutical attributes. Several mushrooms from the wild are being investigated for their promising effect on health risk reductions. However, some mushrooms remain to be underutilized due to improper cultivation techniques, ineffective nutrient sources and extrinsic factors. Thus, the mycelial biomass and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production of Agrocybe cylindracea and Pleurotus djamor in submerged fermentation conditions was determined using selected commonly discarded fruits at varying concentrations. Saba banana puree (30%) at pH 7 yielded the highest mycelial biomass of both mushrooms. Supplementation of 5 ppm 6-BAP on saba banana puree (30%) at pH 7 for both mushrooms increased the mycelial biomass yield at 58% for A. cylindracea and 61% for P. djamor. In varying agitation conditions, A. cylindracea greatly increased its mycelial biomass yield and EPS production at 100 rpm and P. djamor at 150 rpm. The fermentation period highly influenced the mycelial biomass and EPS production of both mushrooms. The highest mycelial biomass yield was obtained by a fermentation period of 20 days for A. cylindracea and 15 days for P. djamor, but the highest EPS yield can be precipitated at a fermentation period of 10 days for A. cylindracea and 15 days for P. djamor. Overall, maximum mycelial biomass and EPS yield were achieved on optimum submerged fermentation conditions, which can be further used for mass production and bioactivity profiling, which can be utilized in the nutraceutical, cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical industries.

Keywords: exopolysaccharides – mushrooms – mycelia biomass – phytohormones – submerged fermentation

 

4. The cytochrome P450 system is involved in the light emission of higher fungi

Authors: Ronzhin NO, Posokhina ED, Mogilnaya OA, Puzyr AP, Baron AV, Gitelson JI†, Bondar VS

Recieved: 06 May 2024, Accepted: 19 February 2025, Published: 11 April 2025

The present study reports experimental data that suggest the participation of the cytochrome P450 system in light emission by higher fungi. The luminous mycelia of the basidiomycetes Neonothopanus nambi, Armillaria borealis, Panellus stipticus, and Mycena citricolor were used to prepare “cold” extracts, which contained luminescent enzyme systems responsible for the in vitro luminescence of the extracts. A “hot” extract from the mycelium of the nonluminous higher fungus Pholiota squarrosa was used as a substrate for the luminescent reaction. The conditions for preparing “cold” extracts (treatment of mycelial biomass with ultrasound and clarification of homogenates by centrifugation at 40000g) indicate the presence of membrane structures in them, microsomes, in particular, which are formed during ultrasonic destruction of the endoplasmic reticulum. In samples of the extracts treated with sodium dithionite and CO, differential spectroscopy revealed two absorption peaks, at 410 and 450 nm, which indicates the presence of cytochromes b5 and P450 in them. The luminescence of extracts is stimulated by reduced pyridine nucleotides, but it has been found that the addition of NADPH leads to a higher level of luminescence compared to NADH. The addition of NADPH results in the Vmax values of light emission higher by a factor of almost 2 and the apparent Km values lower by a factor of 2 compared to the addition of NADH. It has been shown that the addition of hydrogen peroxide substantially increases the luminescence intensity of extracts activated by NADPH and the reaction substrate. It has been found that fluconazole additives considerably inhibit the light emission of extracts when they are activated by NADPH and the reaction substrate. The results obtained in this study suggest that the mechanism of luminescence of higher fungi may involve the cytochrome P450 system associated with endoplasmic reticulum membranes, involving in the process the electron transport enzyme systems. In that case, cytochrome P450 carries out the hydroxylation of hispidin, the precursor of the substrate of the luminescence reaction, with the formation of luciferin, and catalyzes its oxidation in the presence of reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide, in particular) with the emission of visible light quanta.

Keywords: luminous mycelium – luminescent system – mechanism of light emission – cytochrome P450 system – hispidin – reduced pyridine nucleotides – fluconazole – hydrogen peroxide

 

5. Evaluation of seed-treating chemicals against seed-borne fungi on germinating wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds

Authors: Sultana S, Mannan M, Islam R, Jahan N.

Recieved: 28 March 2024, Accepted: 14 February 2025, Published: 14 April 2025

Seed-borne pathogens of wheat play a vital role in causing plant diseases and constrain wheat productivity in Bangladesh. An experiment was conducted to evaluate four seed-treating chemicals, namely Knowin 50 WP, Sunvit 50 WP, Neuben 72 WP and Tilt 250 EC, against wheat seed-borne fungi in the plant protection laboratory, Agrotechnology Discipline, Khulna University Khulna, Bangladesh from January, 2021 to October, 2021. The experiment was carried out to isolate the associated seed-borne fungi in two wheat varieties and determine the efficacy of fungicides to control these seed-borne fungi of wheat. Wheat seed samples (Farmer's seed) of two (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties (BARI Gom-25 and BARI Gom-26) were collected from the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jashore. The experiment was conducted following the complete randomized design (CRD) with four replications. Different seed-borne fungi, Alternaria spp., Bipolaris spp., Curvularia spp. and Aspergillus spp., were identified as associated fungi from these two varieties of seeds. The prevalence of different seed-borne fungi varied independently and individually across wheat varieties. In the case of germination between two wheat varieties, the highest germination percentage was recorded in BARI Gom-26. All the tested fungicides increased the germination percentage compared to untreated seeds. Knowin 50 WP showed a superior influence on the germination of the wheat variety BARI Gom-26 over untreated seeds using the Blotter method. Among the tested fungicides, Tilt 250 EC showed strong effectiveness in controlling all the fungi associated with wheat seeds.

Keywords: Seed-borne fungi – Germination – Pathogen – Blotter method

 

6. Two new species of Xerocomus (Boletales) from the Indian Himalaya

Authors: Nautiyal A, Ben Hassine Ben Ali M, Kannan R, Rawat GS, Krishnamurthy R, Stephenson SL

Recieved: 12 January 2024, Accepted: 10 February 2025, Published: 14 May 2025

Xerocomus garhwalensis and Xerocomus rishikeshinus (Boletales, Basidiomycota) are described as species new to science from specimens collected in the Himalayas of northwestern India. Both were found in forests dominated by banj oak (Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus), and they presumably form ectomycorrhizal associations with this tree species. Xerocomus has been variously defined morphologically, and a number of the species now assigned to the genus are sometimes considered to be members of the genus Boletus. The two new species were placed in Xerocomus largely on the basis of DNA sequence data, which are still rather limited for the assemblage of macrofungi present in northwestern India. 

Keywords: banj oak – Basidiomycota – Boletaceae – ectomycorrhizal fungi – new taxa

 

7. Daldinia eschscholtzii (Ehrenb.: Fr) Rehm, a new record in West Bengal and its mycochemistry, antioxidant contents and activity, lipoxygenase inhibitory activity and molecular docking of its prevalent compound, phloretin, with reactive oxygen species (ROS

Authors: Bera T, Ghosh SK, Chatterjee R.

Recieved: 18 July 2024, Accepted: 05 March 2025, Published: 14 May 2025

Daldinia eschscholtzii, collected from West Bengal, India, was evaluated for its antioxidant content and activity, as well as its lipoxygenase inhibitory potential from the ethanolic extract. Bioactive compounds were identified using LC-MS, followed by molecular docking between selected compounds and enzymes (lipoxygenase, xanthine oxidase, and CYP1A1). Results indicated significant levels of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and total antioxidant activity. LC-MS analysis of DEE (Daldinia ethanolic extract) detected 28 compounds in the extract. Molecular docking studies revealed a high binding affinity of phloretin with ROS-producing enzymes, suggesting potential enzyme inhibition. In conclusion, Daldinia eschscholtzii is revealed as a good source of antioxidant, anti-cancerous and LOX-inhibiting compounds.

Keywords: Antioxidant Content – Activity – LC-MS – Lipoxygenase inhibition – Molecular Docking – Phloretin

 

8. Mechanisms and Potential for Fungal Bioremediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Other Environmental Contaminants: A Comprehensive Review

Authors: Fonseka HWL, Senarath MDAH, Daranagama DADA, Ratnayake RMCS

Recieved: 11 December 2024, Accepted: 04 April 2025, Published: 20 May 2025

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are present in soil, water, and air. The existence of PAHs in the environment is dangerous as they pose significant impacts on humans, plants, and animals. Fungal bioremediation is a sustainable approach to overcome environmental pollution by utilizing the metabolic capabilities of fungi to degrade or convert a wide range of pollutants, including PAHs. It is cost-effective, safer, and environmentally friendly. The review describes PAHs' structure, classes, sources, and toxicity. Different PAHs remediation techniques are also compared with mycoremediation. Because of their adaptability, fungi can be used for remediation in various environmental contexts, such as soil, water, and air. Fungi can degrade PAHs, converting them into various intermediate products, by secreting extracellular enzymes such as laccase, manganese peroxidase, and lignin peroxidase. Ligninolytic and non-ligninolytic fungi used in mycoremediation are also discussed. Many factors affect the efficiency of the biodegradation process of PAHs, including temperature, nutrient availability and pH of the media. This review also discusses a comprehensive overview of the applications of fungi in diverse contaminants such as dyes, heavy metals and xenobiotics, and in-situ and ex-situ bioremediation approaches. Finally, it discusses strategies, highlighting the limitations and challenges of fungal bioremediation. 

Keywords: Anthracene – Degradation – Fungi – Mycoremediation – Phanerochaete chrysosporium

 

9. Utilizing Trichoderma spp. as an alternative for the promotion of plant growth and the control of anthracnose in avocado crops

Authors: Chamarro-Anaya L, Barboza-García A, Chamarro-Anaya L, Baldiris-Avila R, Buelvas-Montes Y, Montes-Robledo A.

Recieved: 14 August 2024, Accepted: 01 April 2025, Published: 12 June 2025

Avocado is a major crop of economic interest in the Montes de María region, known for its significant nutritional benefits. In recent years, avocado cultivation in Montes de María has been affected by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, which causes substantial crop losses. To control this pathogen, agrochemical applications are typically required, but these can disrupt the soil microbiota. As an alternative, Trichoderma spp. is a fungus capable of controlling pathogens through the production of metabolites and also stimulates plant growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of native strains of Trichoderma spp. against C. gloeosporioides and their growth-promoting effects on avocado plants. Seven strains of Trichoderma spp. were molecularly identified as Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride, T. reesei, T. atroviride, T. longibrachiatum, T. peberdyi, and T. koningiopsis. These strains showed significant statistical differences in in vitro antagonism tests against C. gloeosporioides. Additionally, they demonstrated statistically significant (p<0.05) growth-promoting effects, with T. harzianum and T. viride being the most effective at enhancing plant height, stem diameter, and fresh root weight compared to commercial Trichoderma. Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride exhibited inhibitory activity against C. gloeosporioides in vitro and increased the biomass of avocado plants, making them a viable alternative for the integrated management of anthracnose in avocado plantations in the Montes de María.

Keywords: Mycoparasitism – Phosphate solubilization – Siderophores – Trichoderma.

 

10. Optimization for High-Yield Adenosine Production from Cordyceps militaris in Submerged Fermentation

Authors: Chuenprasert N, Yodsuwan N, Wei T, Chamyuang S

Recieved: 21 January 2025, Accepted: 26 May 2025, Published: 12 June 2025

Cordyceps militaris, a prized medicinal fungus in East Asian traditional medicine, is renowned for its bioactive compound, adenosine. This compound exhibits diverse pharmacological properties, including anti-aging, skin regeneration, wrinkle reduction, and hair growth promotion. To optimize adenosine production, we employed a Taguchi experimental design to evaluate the impact of key factors with the following conditions: fungal strains (C. militaris SH01, C. militaris ATCC 34165, and hybrid strain of C. militaris SH01 and C. militaris ATCC 34165), glucose concentration (20, 40, and 60 g/L), yeast extract concentration (5, 10, and 20 g/L), and initial pH (4.0, 5.5, and 7.0). The optimization experiments were carried out in 250-mL shaking flasks at 110 rpm at 25 °C. Among the tested strains, C. militaris SH01 demonstrated superior adenosine production under predicted optimal conditions from the Taguchi method (Qualitek-4 software): 40 g/L glucose, 20 g/L yeast extract, and an initial pH of 4.0. This resulted in a maximum adenosine yield of 8.662±0.269 mg/g and a productivity of 2.495±0.077 mg/g.d, surpassing the predicted values by 44%. However, when scaled up to a 5-L shaking flask, adenosine productivity decreased to 1.849±0.094 mg/g.d. Our findings provide valuable insights for enhancing adenosine production from C. militaris, paving the way for its potential application in various industries, including healthcare, food, and cosmetics.

Keywords: Adenosine – Cordyceps militaris – Process Optimization – Submerged Fermentation – Taguchi Method

 

11. Study of the chemical composition of the lipophilic extract of fruit bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. Ex Fr.) P. Kumm.

Authors: Korabel IM, Panchak LV, Zyn’ AR and Antonyuk VO.

Recieved: 10 July 2024, Accepted: 25 March 2025, Published: 20 June 2025

The aim of the work was to study the changes in the chemical composition of the fruiting bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus depending on the growth stage of the fungi. The fruiting bodies of wild and cultivated Pleurotus ostreatus of the Euromycel PL132 tile variety were used as the object of the study. Changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the lipophilic fraction were investigated by gas chromato-mass spectrometry. There was a gradual decrease in the amount of squalene and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from young to overripe fungi. Young fungi have a high content of the phytohormone gibberellin A3, which is not found in mature and overripe fungi. At the same time, overripe fungi have 18% of ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol, whose precursor is squalene. No fatty acids were detected in young fungi. They occur in mature fungi, and their content, in particular palmitic, stearic and linolenic acids, increases from mature to overripe fruiting bodies of fungi. At the same time, the yield of lipophilic extract from wild mushrooms is five times higher than that of the cultivated ones (0.98% against 0.14–0.35%). This extract is characterized by the presence of vitamin E and is characterized by a high content of squalene, linolenic acid and ergosterols. It was determined that the range of chemicals increases with the growth of mushrooms and decreases with their aging.

 

Keywords: bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate – ergosterols – fatty acids – gas chromatography-mass spectrometry – gibberellin A3 – squalene

 

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Volume 9 - 2026 issue 1

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7. Mycelial growth and basidiocarp production of edible mushrooms on coconut waste-based substrates
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2. AJOM new records and collections of fungi: 201–250
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Implementation of Processing Charges for Long Manuscripts (Effective 1 January 2026)

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